Reproductive Health Management ruminants with particular reference to new technologies
Abstract
Reproductive Health Management in ruminants is a buzzword called Total Quality Management (TQM). To reach the reproductive efficiency means 12-13 months of calving interval, repeat low reproduction and mating soon after parturition. Less than 2% of abortion and less 10% retained placenta and metritis in May in flocks least ensure that 18% culling rate.
In a developed country like France efficiency reproduction decreased. A total conception of 51% in 1955 reduced to 38%. Does the talk, we make use of modern ETT (technology transfer of the embryo). The sleeve classic old, rectal palpation, CL assessment, diagnosis of diseases of reproduction, should be replaced by ultrasound, laparoscopy, DNA-guided diagnosis and improved technologies for evaluation of fertility. Various impact of modern technology on improving reproductive management were discussed.
Uterine diagnosis to reduce (COD) disease ovarian cystic anoestrus, loss of reproductive and fertility needs emphasis. Reproductive technologies consist of cryo-preservation, sperm sexing, spermatogenesis, invitrofertilization, transfers of nuclear technology and the introduction of disease resistance and welfare of animals too. Difficulties Reproduction in calves produced artificially, and stress their mothers have an aversion to animal protection. Various methods and their effects were examined.
A new role of maternal fetal effects of hybridization of races has come to surface. Various manifestations of this type have been expressed. New concepts in breeding such as nitric oxide as a signaling molecule, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and its effects on reproductive capacity have been explained. New knowledge models as concept development of sheep, interaction fetal maternal extra cellular action of hormones, cytokines, signal relay and their conversion to forms monomers and dimers were postulated.
Hypothalamic astrocyle concept model with biological control system has been detailed. Major technological innovations by the author in the last 2 decades have shown that pictorial monographs. A new concept of the dairy industry Vission 2050 for India has been provided.
A political perspective of the global livestock industry in India has been attempted in competition cattle luster marketing. A possible role for the mega joint ventures with small farmers modules agriculture is presented. News generated transfer technology, research needs and gaps were identified for young researchers.
Introduction:
1. Total Quality Management
(TQM) is the buzzword today in the production of animal feed quality for human consumption. The concept of TQM implies that appropriate attention is given to all facets of the management of dairy herds in an effort to satisfy customers' needs. Maintain good records and controlled by computer, using the technology is recommended. Goals that are realistic and made possible by the adoption of a health program reproductive health are:
i. Average calving interval of 12 to 13 months.
II. Breeding efficiency below 1.5 services per conception and less than 30 percent returns after 60 days.
III. Postpartum interval to first heat standing between 30 to 40 days.
IV. Postpartum interval to first breeding no more than 55 to 70 days.
c. Repeat breeders 8 to 10 per cent or less,
VI. Abnormal anoestrus after 60 days post-partum period is reduced 2 to 15 per cent.
VII. Abortions of 1 to 2 per cent or less.
VIII. Retained placenta for 5 to 10 per cent or less.
IX. Metritis 5 to 10 per cent or less
x. Culling percentage for reproductive failure less than 18 per cent.
2. Reproductive efficiency
The scientist in reproductive and famous Zemjanis clinician compared the reproductive efficiency achieved in the United States in 1955 with the herds maintained in 1985. The first service conception decreased from 53.4% to 38.7 in 1985 and figures for the conception rate in total were reduced from 50.7% to 37.7%. The percentage of open cows when considering PD increased from 22 to 27. Repeat breeding was approximately 15% calving interval was from 13.2 to 13.4 months. Prenatal deaths increased from 3.4 to 9%. Thereby reducing the effectiveness reproductive in 1985 or 2007, over the last 3-4 decades has been observed. Does the technology of 1955 is not able to deliver reproductive Effective in 2007?. During the period, a whole new range of technologies came into existence. Is that we must integrate the refinement of new technologies in herd management, in particular the ability to reproduce?. Should we go beyond traditional rectal palpation or sleeves and visits to the new monitoring and assessment through ultrasound technology or other?. A variety of application of new technologies are required for detection heat. CL assessment, diagnosis of reproductive diseases, semen evaluation, the diagnosis of pregnancy, infertility and other losses reproduction. This is where we need "Reproductive Health Management through new technology." (Janis Zem, 1987)
3. Uterine Diagnostics
The condition can be disgnosed uterus by rectal palpation, vaginal speculum examination, sampling the culture of the uterus, uterine biopsy, ultrasound imaging of the uterus and ovaries, and progesterone test. Cows postpartum abnormal are identified Depending on the size of the uterine horn and texture in addition to fulfilling the vulva. Cows identified as abnormal are treated with an intra-uterine infusion antibiotics, antiseptics, irritating chemicals, injection of prostaglandin, or a combination of these agents. Most cows (> 80%) should ovulate 30 days postcalving. Cystic disease of the ovary (COD) May occur in 5 to 10% of cows postpartum and delayed first ovulation and the first reproduction. Anestrous cows have small inactive ovaries with little change over successive examinations. Follicles <15 mm in diameter was found in May on the review, but fail to ovulate. Diagnosis of pregnancy to 35 days has increased value compared to 45 days or more. Review of pregnancy to 35 days reduced days between Livestock and the percentage of cows over 48 days from breeding. (Ferguson, 1995)
4. Reproductive Biotechniques:
On the basis of developments in scientific knowledge of endocrinology, reproductive physio-biology and embryology in the last fifty years, new bio-technologies have been developed and introduced into the breeding and rearing. Among them are oestrussynchronisation / induction of ovulation, artificial insemination, the induction of multiple ovulation, embryo transfer (MOET), production in vitro embryo (IVP) and cloning by nuclear transfer. The objectives of these reproductive technologies were initially to accelerate the improvement genetics of farm animals by increasing the progeny of males and females selected, and the reduction of the generation gap. The techniques of cloning by nuclear transfer used for experimental purposes, have the prospect of a more practical application in the near future. Uniformity herd management to advance or the multiplication of transgenic animals after gene targeting is the result. Within biotechnology animal breeding, animal welfare should receive special attention. Transfer embryos to dairy cows may lead to more dystocia. Insemination intrauterine laparoscopy or laparotomy with minimal anesthesia by farmer organizations operating stress in animals.
Both fertility drugs multiple embryo transfer are generally accepted technically. However, transfer of embryos after multiple ovulation increase in death embryos, calves with greater gestation period longer and more dystocia (wagtendo van et al 2000). Some biotech used in modern management Animal reproduction can be summarized and named as:
5. Reproductive Techniques:
Reproduction techniques have been examined, Wani, 2004 and are briefly reproduced as follows:
i. Generation ist Reproductive Technologies:
a. Insemination Artificial Technology
b. Cryo-preservation techniques.
c. Sexing of sperm
d. Opportune time insemination
e. Spermatogenesis.
II. 2nd Generation Reproductive Technologies
a. Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET).
b. Development Blocks of the embryo.
c. Flushing and embryo evaluation.
d. Embryo preservation and culture.
III. 3rd Generation Reproductive Technologies
a. In vitro fertilization (IVF)
b. Clonning Techniques.
IV. Future Generation Reproductive Technologies
a. Technology stem cells
b. Embryonic cell lines.
c. Pro-nuclear microinjection
d. Nuclear Transfers
e. Viral mediated transgenesis
c. Art Application of Biotechnology
a. New products for animals.
b. The features of production cost.
c. Resistance illness
d. Animal welfare and protection.
Somatic successfully cloned animal production has been reported in different species servants, including cattle, but it is associated with a high rate of pregnancy failure. The performance of low cloning could result either from a abnormal level and / or poorly developed placenta. Compared with control cows, fewer placentomes were found in somatic cells nuclearrecipient (NT) cows at day 60 of gestation, suggesting a delay of fetal / placental growth in these animals. NT cows not only had fewer chorionic villi, but had also underdeveloped caruncle. The macroscopic examination revealed a typical evolution of the placentomes in terms of shape and size. Disturbance histology of chorionic villi and caruncular septum was found in NT cows. Of particular interest was the expression genes and proteins in the placentome was disparate between NT and artificially inseminated cows, especially placental lactogen (PL) and pregnancy associated glycoprotein (PAG). In contrast, prolactin-related protein (PRP-I), the signals were similar between cows, including cows NT fetuses motionless. The expression of extracellular matrix degrading molecule, HEPARANASE (HPA) in NT cows was different from those of control cows. Microarray data suggest that gene expression has been confused in the early stages of implementation in NT cows, but this was eliminated the progression of gestation. These results strongly support a delay in the development of the trophoblast during the early stages of placentation NT cows, and suggest that placental specific proteins, including PLS, CPA and HPA are key indicators of the aberration of gestation and placental function in cows. (Kruip and Van Re, 2008)
There is a large body of evidence demonstrating that, compared with controls in vivo program, the size and weight of IVP calves was higher (30% over 50 kg), the gestation period is longer, dystocia% and the incidence of caesarean is higher. The% of abortions and perinatal deaths are also higher (Behboodi et al, 1995; Kruip and den Daas 1995; Wagtendon de Leeuw et al. 1998, 2000). In general, calves are less active (Reinders et al. 1995). In addition, the% hydroallantois and congenital malformations including members abnormal spinal cord is increased in IVP calves and lambs. Taking all these problems are defined as the syndrome of large offspring (LOS) (Young, 1998). (Farin & Farin, 1995) and Sinclair et al. (1997) found a difference of organ growth (liver, heart, kidneys and glands adrenals) after IVP. After the birth of calves too IVP abnormalities were observed. (Deroose et al.2000)
MOET, including synchronization and induction of estrus and AI and IVP, NT sometimes with serious consequences. We suggest (potential) risks of biotechnology for wellness Livestock should be systematically evaluated. The type of research should be multidisciplinary and must use appropriate models scientifically valid experimental protocols. The results obtained accordingly by developing and using safer biotechnological methods and procedures. Technological progress is ethically justified and beneficial to society in general, i and agricultural scientific community, e used for increased productivity.
6. New Concepts
Nitric oxide as a signaling molecule:
Many years, scientific research in reproductive spoke of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). This was considered as a signaling molecule. The discovery that EDRF is actually nitric oxide (NO). More than 60,000 articles have been published in the last 10 years on NO. Nobel Prize in 1998 was about the discovery. Nitric oxide is responsible for neurotransmission, immune defense, cell death (apoptosis) and cell motility. It has a half-life of a few seconds. Enzyme producing it are (NOS) nitric oxide synthase (Phil, 2007).
Nitric Oxide is a small molecule, readily diffuses across the cell membrane. Its diffusion distances can be several hundreds of microns and its biological effects are mediated by a series of objectives that groups of heme, cysteine residues, iron or zinc groups.
Nitric oxide (NO) is now recognized as an important intracellular messenger and cellular cross. It relaxes uterine tissue, by inhibiting uterine contractility. Thus, reducing traffic it helps the uterus to uterine quiescence. This is normal and progesterone antignostic to PGF2 alpha. NO also plays a role in ovulation by interacting steriodogenesis the ovary and prostaglandins.
Progesterone synthesis is reported to have increased in any dose-dependent rats (Yuan et al, 1999) Nitric oxide decreases estradiol secretion in rats. It is established that NO plays a role in vascular endothelium relaxation dependent cytotoxicity of phagocytic cells, neurotransmission cenbtral nervous system and relax the uterus (Moha et al, 2001). Granulosa cells and luteal cells in the rat ovary synthesize nitric oxide. Preovulatory follicles in their theca and stromal cell layers were synthesizing the enzyme. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOSIII) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS II) are among these enzymes.
Nitric oxide is a signal action Quick has the ability to block the entry of blood components in the follicular fluid. New concept NOS operating system in ovulation and follicular rupture is now posed. NSA acts by dilatation and ovulatory leukocyte distribution. The reorganization of follicular rupture and the formation yellow bodies requires nitric oxide. So is not having a role in ovarian physiology and steriodogenesis.
A neuropathway may be expressed in the future. There is evidence of hypothalamic NOS – containing neurons, which regulate LH. In addition, NOS with (nerve) fibers have also been found in rats. Does the law n ° as a local modulator steriodogenesis? Like many of its actions are mediated by enzymes containing iron, such as guanylate cyclase and cyclo Oxygen. The upregulation of the regulation of progesterone and lower production of estradiol in the ovaries is now assigned to NOS – system. NO May act by binding to iron-sulfur fraction of enzymes involved in the process and ensure steriodiogenesis production. (Yuan et al, 1999; Motta et al. 2001).
7. New models of knowledge
a. Development of the ovine conceptus
? Flooring protector on the caruncle
? Full protective mucin.
? Days Transitional attachment 18.
? Cotyledons 39th day appear.
? Projections 40th day from blastocysts elongated caruncular epithelium.
? 42th south of syncytial formation.
? 48th day before as fixed placentomes.
? Attachment noninvasive.
? Invasive 40th day post attachment.
? 80th day of gestation – placentomes – structured appearance recognizable cotyledons individual & caruncle disappear.
? Intra caruncular caruncular and cotyledonary attachment is supported by evidence from:
• Histological change
• progesterone / estrogen receptors
• biochemical and morphological evidence.
(Khatoon, 2007 – MVSc thesis)
b. Maternal fetal attachment transient interaction
Binucleated cells (day of gestation) 18
Proliferation of endometrial cells
Receivers E2/P4
Growth factors.
Increase of progesterone receptor with the progress of gestation.
? E2 estrogen receptor almost constant during pregnancy.
? Increase of E / P.
? Fluctuations in mineral, glucose, enzymes and proteins.
? Vaginal cervical and uterine epithelial changes observed as pregnancy progresses.
C. Extracellular hormone action (concept by scientists Canadian)
Growth factor or cytokine … … gene transcription through specific receptors … .. Intracellular molecules signaling (Groner, 2002).
Monomer conversion Dimeric form
Modus: Tyrosine phosphorylation
D. hypothalamic astrocytes Employ … Transforming .. Growth Factor (TGF) directly regulate GnRH … .. controls … sexual maturation … and …. Reproductive adults
This is what we call today as: Astrocyte – GnRH – Neuron signaling pathway
Techniques: immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization … … Motion communication process.
Bouret et al, 2004 France
E. Biological Control
Multiple signals …. Receptivity or responsiveness UN – (Ringo et al, 1996 – USA) Hypothalmo-pituitary – gonodotrophic – axis …. Mid-gestation in sheep develops – in late pregnancy … neurons GnRH develop centers of pregnancy or during fetal life … Only changes of maturation occurs at puberty – to form a system of GnRH neurons.
F. Hypothalmo – Pictuitory – axis somatorophic begin in fetal life
Midgestation …. But growth hormone HR system neuron does not develop until 10 weeks after birth. (Polkowski, 1995) Poland
8. "Major" Technological Progress by the author in Last 10 years "
i. An attempt using eggs and sperm from sheep slaughtered for in vitro fertilization techniques and maturation in vitro were used to produce morula. Fig.1. These techniques were pioneered and published have aroused worldwide recognition as rewards. This work has been cited by index Histcite-founder Lan Wilmut of Dolly the sheep. (Wani and Wani, 2000, 2003). In this era of Zoo Biosafety and international and sewerage plant, we attempted to limit bacterial and microbial loads in semen. In vitro sensitivity of bacteria and bacterial load of semen has been reported (Seh et al 2000) (Koul 2002) has stimulated a new era of gametes and biosecurity rate high fertility in cattle.
II. The search area hitherto untapped development of pre-natal fetal sheep has been attempted (Mufti et al 2000, Wani and Buchoo, 1990). The survey has generated much interest and quotations. Very few studies on the region are available worldwide. This study is of great value for human and animal health. It has also been studied in recent years. For the first time in the world, we have presented the union maternal fetal mammals in its true form. It is an indirect association. A new concept of fetal growth, differentiation, fetal cotyledons in blastocysts elongated raised hopes for the preparation of a Invitro-fetal-development model. (Wani et al, 2006a, 2006b). These new concepts have been presented at international conferences on genomics and proteomics concepts. The models were highly valued for use in different drugs – Genetics – interactions disease control. (Wani et al, 2006c, d, e). Binuclear cells and nuclear hybrids were identified to indicate syncytia and related mechanisms of maternal-fetal attachment. Fig.2. These concepts are revolutionizing disease resistance, control and prevention.
III. We tried to extract fish ovary (waste) to replace the production of synthetic hormones. This is ready for patatening. Laparoscopy for the prediction of ovarian and with the use of ultrasound for diagnosis of pregnancy in sheep and goats has invented and perfected. (Wani et al, 1998; Mufti et al, 1998). Use HCG to increase the lambing rate (Wani et al 2000) and the use of laparoscopy for detecting ovulation are new samples our previous research (Buchoo et al 2000). World famous Elsevier / Academic Press invited me to write a paper for Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences PP Vol II 1259-1270. The only Asian country to be invited to contribute to the Systems Management goat is in itself significant achievement summarized by the famous Professor John R. Campbell, president emeritus of the State University Oklahama as "World renowned multidisciplinary experts, Wise and excellent author. Our work on the economics of Pashmina goats and their genetic characterization has been applauded by scientists Fame and helped the industry Pashmina in Ladakh to produce fine pashmina.
IV. Our prenatal and recent research on the maternal fetal interactions is one of its unique. Various gynecological land marks, the placental barrier and immunological caruncle, developing cotyledons and their association is a unique nature and can be seen in Figure 1-10.
9. Dairy Economics:
In the dairy industry in particular and livestock farming in general suffers from two problems:
1. Increased production and maintenance costs
2. Market low prices of livestock products
The world price of milk varies with Dairy Farm Structures. Dairy Farm structures are either small farm animals 2-5 as ours or large more than 50 or 100. Countries like the U.S., EU, Canada, Israel, Hungary, USA, South America and Oceania are structurally very strong. None, except Oceania produce milk at world market price of 15-22 dollars per quintal. Thus signifying the large farm structures are not always profitable. The size of our small-scale structure of dairy products is more competitive than the West. This advantage has to be harvested under the WTO global liberalization system. If the need for strengthening small farmer co-operative? Do we need to implement policies favorable to small farmers. Sale 1 liter of milk in India is cheaper than a liter of water. This question must be seriously considered by our planning commission.
a. Costs higher production
The cost of milk production are high in Scandinavia and Spain. The giants of yesterday are today's loosers. The highest price of production is also in counties such as Hungary, the Czech Republic, Israel, Bangladesh, Thailand and parts of China. Their production cost is higher than the overall average cost of production ie 15-22 dollars per quintal. Those who produce at world market prices of 15-22 dollars include Estonia, Poland, Chile, Brazil, India, Vietnam and Oceania. Thus, we have tough competition with these nations to acquire market export. Switzerland, Norway and Canada produce milk at a price much higher than EU and USA markets in the Middle East are our pastures export.
b. Lower milk prices
Milk prices lower than the average world market are Argentina and Pakistan. However, they have an advantage distribution rather than the axis of production, farmers demorcating forums are nonexistent. May as such, they pose no competition with us. We benefit to export our other Asian neighbors China producing too much milk at higher costs. We must prepare for "exporting Milk future in Asia. " This requires preparation for zoo-sanitary and export-oriented change of political decision.
c. North-West-Export Zone
The north-west, states have self-sufficiency in milk. We must make the North-West area including J & K, HP, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat, where our export potential of milk from the area. We have to induce patterns of mission for the illness of his free status of animals, ensure that we meet international standards zoo-sanitary. Poor zoo-sanitary block is our major export of milk. Sensitization of farmers on these lines is suggested.
10. Global Meat Industry:
The next area of thrust in the transfer of technology should make India 'major meat exporting countries' country. World demand for meat grows slowly in the hands of Brasallians and Chinese farmers. Thank you to our most vegetarian diets that we are too Run. Cons, needs daily 25g/person/day we produce only half of it on per capita basis, but our advantage with the abundance meat goat can differentiate our export potential of the rest. Even world superpowers the United States have more demand for Cheron that what is produced. A change in policy and framework should be drafted. Our packaging technology products and consumer preferences should be webbed through transfer of technology for export and in particular relates generally to home users. The focus should be centered around Production of meat hygiene, ecological preservation, processing and product technology. This means in principle "Reshaping range cattle and forage management "through effective communication and transfer of technology across its terminal and the users and beneficiaries.
11. Generated Technology Transfer
We have to lead in technology transfer embryos in Asia as has been done by us in the dissemination of AI technology in cooperation with experts from Sweden. Many international experiences are necessary in this regard and other transfer of technology missions. We need to link bio-technology will be developed with industry and user departments. Degree service mode is desired in the transfer of technology. We can do it on the model of Cornell University. Strengthening pre-clinical, clinical and diagnostic skills basic animal science glow Institutes as centers of clinical reference word. It would be necessary to insist on training facilities technicians for physiology, breeding, AI, neuroscience, biochemistry, biology and the like. Linking, research and extension, teachers, students and farmers under KVK model needed for fast transfer of technology in animal science. The TOT referral in animal science is ready to be activated to the next field in the years to come.
? Rapid diagnostic tools and techniques
? Tannin degradation technology and packaging low-cost food
? High disease prevalence security checks. May be its model of sharing emerging disease with of public health experts give us better dividends.
? Biotechniques for the propagation of genetic material and improvements.
12. In Brief we need to focus on
? Global-food-chain system-factors (GFSCF)
? Research on comparative competitive health and disease (CCHR)
? Internationalizing education in veterinary science and animal.
? Reach Out for world agriculture through TOT. (Transfer Technology)
13. Future Research Needs or gaps
• Avoid threats of emerging diseases
• disease diagnosis refined
• Drugs – disease – targeting.
International Zoo-Sanitation regulations and security measures we take products into global – Sovereignty Food – Channel – operating systems.
14. Future Research Targets
i. Targeted gene delivery.
II. Neuroregulatory mechanisms.
III. Innate immune system.
IV. Protein interactions – a mechanism of conformation of the transcript.
c. Gene – drug – design. Molecules targeting under genomics.
VI. Responsiveness natural proteins associated with imaging and mapping of immune protection.
About the Author
Professor Ghulam Mohyuddin Wani did his Ph.D from IVRI, Izatnagar in 1985 in Animal Reproduction / Gynaecology and got Dr. Med. Vet.**Additional Doc. Degree from Veterinary Institute, Deemed Univ. Hannover Germany in 1984 in the field of Animal Reproduction/ Production. He also earned DAAD Fellowship(Post Doc.) from German Academic Exchange, Hannover, Germany in Animal Breeding institute, Buetweg, Hannover,Germany and is currently Director Extension Education and Director SAMETI in the S.K. University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar – Srinagar.
The author can be contacted at: P.O.Box: 461, GPO, Srinagar by post or mailed at wanimohyuddin@yahoo.com
Global Health Innovation Conference – Panel D – Health System Management Highlight Reel
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